Upgrading Models
Open Science
DIAMOND aims to upgrade the following six models
GCAM-Europe
GCAM-Europe
The Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) is a global IAM that represents both human and Earth system dynamics. It explores the behaviour and interactions between the energy system, water, agriculture and land use, economy, and climate. GCAM is a bottom-up, partial equilibrium model that achieves equilibrium between the supply and demand for energy in each sector represented, considering changes in energy prices due to changes in the technologies used to satisfy energy-service demands in these sectors. It operates on a ‘recursive dynamic’ cost- optimisation basis: it solves for the least-cost energy system in a period, before moving to the next and performing the same exercise.
DIAMOND will develop GCAM-Europe, to explore alternative “what-if”-type scenarios deep- diving in the European region while staying connected with global trends and markets. This includes separating the European area in different countries; improving the calibration data on energy use, emissions, land, and water for Europe; increasing the technological detail in buildings, transport, and industry; connecting the electricity sector in European countries through interconnected “grid-regions”; improving dispatch and storage representation of electricity supply; and separating final consumer demand for energy and food by a wide and flexible segregation of consumer groups, including income groups, rural/urban households, gender, and behaviour.
OMNIA
OMNIA
TIMES is a modelling platform for local, national, or multi-regional energy systems, providing a technology-rich basis for estimating how energy system investments and operations will evolve over a long-term, multiple-period time horizon. This system evolution captures the extraction of primary energy, the conversion of this primary energy into useful forms, and the use of these fuels in a range of energy service applications.
DIAMOND will develop the Open-source MuNdus Integrated Assessment model (OMNIA), an open-access global IAM based on the TIMES framework and the research expertise of established TIAM development teams. The great ambition of OMNIA is to enable a broader community of practice: based on shared development and best-in-practice approaches to open modelling, OMNIA will assure clear results, accessible to all stakeholders and policymakers. OMNIA will break the world into 31 regions, comprehensively representing key technologies to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors, including industry, upstream, as well as key energy carrier trades, including bioenergy, hydrogen, commodities and water consumption.
CLEWs-EU
CLEWs-EU
The Climate, Land, Energy, and Water systems (CLEWs) framework focuses on the assessment of integrated resource systems, by exploring the interactions between (and within) these systems via quantitative means. A notable application of the CLEWs framework at the global level is the development of the low complexity and flexibility Global Least-cost user-friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory (GLUCOSE) model. It is thus Ideal for capacity development and training activities, allowing engagement of a variety of stakeholders, from civil society to decision makers, and investigation of a range of plausible climate mitigation pathways.
Building on the structure of the GLUCOSE model, several model enhancements will be accomplished in DIAMOND, including the development of two versions of the CLEWs-EU model: 1) an aggregated model (single EU node) for stakeholder engagement; 2) a nationally disaggregated model for frontiers-stretching analyses. Both will feature the adoption of a more detailed temporal resolution, and enhancements in technological representation to increase the number of options that can render net-zero emission pathways technically feasible.
GEMINI-E3 EU
GEMINI-E3 EU
GEMINI-E3 is a multi-country, multi-sector, recursive CGE model. It simulates all relevant markets—domestic and international—as perfectly competitive, implying that the corresponding prices are flexible in markets for commodities (through relative prices), for labour (through wages), and for domestic and international savings (through rates of interest and exchange rates). The main outputs of GEMINI-E3 are on country and annual basis: carbon taxes, marginal abatement costs and prices of tradable permits, effective abatement of CO2 emissions, net sales of tradable permits, total net welfare loss and components, macro-economic aggregates, real exchange rates and real interest rates, and industrial data.
The EU region in the global version will be further broken down into multiple regions to considerably enhance the model’s level of detail of climate policy insights at the national and EU level and improve empirical consistency and predictive precision with other IAMs. We will also enable the integration of the health impact of air pollutants, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment of ancillary benefits of mitigation in standard CGEs. Critically, most CGE models do not represent disruptive technologies, like hydrogen or DAC; significant efforts will be put in integrating EU specifications of such technologies that are implemented in global bottom-up IAMs.
NEMESIS-World
NEMESIS-World
NEMESIS is a sectoral detailed macroeconometric model for the EU. It is a system of economic models for every Member State (as well as the UK, Norway, and Iceland), used to assess a wide spectrum of policies, including fiscal, budgetary, labour market, research and innovation, energy, climate, and environment. NEMESIS is typically used as a consolidated framework to assess the socioeconomic impact of EU policies on top of business-as usual or alternative scenarios. The mechanisms of the model are based on behavioural equations for four categories of ‘representative’ firms (per sector), households, governments, and the rest of world, ndividualizi based on econometrics or calibrations from the econometric literature.
Acknowledging the global nature of aspects related to climate change and action, as well as the need to enhance global responses and consider interactions both within and (of other economies) with the EU, DIAMOND will develop and use an open, global implementation of NEMESIS. It will, therefore, address a critical research gap, producing NEMESIS-World, the first open-access, global, large-scale, macro-sectoral model. This entails individualizing the largest economies (and GHG emitters), energy supply sectors, and transport activities, with the selection of datasets reflecting the ideal trade-off between coverage, detail, relation to official definitions, and need for updates.
OPEN-PROM
OPEN-PROM
PROMETHEUS is a global energy system model covering in detail the complex interactions between energy demand, supply, and energy prices at the regional and global level. It is used to assess mitigation pathways and low-emission development strategies for the mid- and long-term; analyse the energy-system, economic, and emission implications of a wide spectrum of energy and climate policy measures; and explore the economics of fossil fuel production and trade of energy commodities. The model provides detailed projections of energy demand by sector and fuel, supply, power generation mix, energy-related carbon emissions, energy prices, and investments covering the global energy system in ten world regions.
In terms of spatial disaggregation, OPEN-PROM will be expanded from 10 to at least 25 world regions, including G20 economies as well as further disaggregating the EU-27 to the national level. Temporal granularity will also be expanded, from 2050 to 2100, with annual time steps, allowing the model to simulate the long-term effects of climate policies and the interplay of climate change with mitigation pathways. In addition, the emissions coverage of the model will be expanded to represent also non-CO2 GHGs and other air pollutants. The model will also integrate trade aspects related to new clean sources in addition to fossil fuel trade.
GCAM-Europe
GCAM-Europe
The Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) is a global IAM that represents both human and Earth system dynamics. It explores the behaviour and interactions between the energy system, water, agriculture and land use, economy, and climate. GCAM is a bottom-up, partial equilibrium model that achieves equilibrium between the supply and demand for energy in each sector represented, considering changes in energy prices due to changes in the technologies used to satisfy energy-service demands in these sectors. It operates on a ‘recursive dynamic’ cost- optimisation basis: it solves for the least-cost energy system in a period, before moving to the next and performing the same exercise.
DIAMOND will develop GCAM-Europe, to explore alternative “what-if”-type scenarios deep- diving in the European region while staying connected with global trends and markets. This includes separating the European area in different countries; improving the calibration data on energy use, emissions, land, and water for Europe; increasing the technological detail in buildings, transport, and industry; connecting the electricity sector in European countries through interconnected “grid-regions”; improving dispatch and storage representation of electricity supply; and separating final consumer demand for energy and food by a wide and flexible segregation of consumer groups, including income groups, rural/urban households, gender, and behaviour.
OMNIA
OMNIA
TIMES is a modelling platform for local, national, or multi-regional energy systems, providing a technology-rich basis for estimating how energy system investments and operations will evolve over a long-term, multiple-period time horizon. This system evolution captures the extraction of primary energy, the conversion of this primary energy into useful forms, and the use of these fuels in a range of energy service applications.
DIAMOND will develop the Open-source MuNdus Integrated Assessment model (OMNIA), an open-access global IAM based on the TIMES framework and the research expertise of established TIAM development teams. The great ambition of OMNIA is to enable a broader community of practice: based on shared development and best-in-practice approaches to open modelling, OMNIA will assure clear results, accessible to all stakeholders and policymakers. OMNIA will break the world into 31 regions, comprehensively representing key technologies to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors, including industry, upstream, as well as key energy carrier trades, including bioenergy, hydrogen, commodities and water consumption.
CLEWs-EU
CLEWs-EU
The Climate, Land, Energy, and Water systems (CLEWs) framework focuses on the assessment of integrated resource systems, by exploring the interactions between (and within) these systems via quantitative means. A notable application of the CLEWs framework at the global level is the development of the low complexity and flexibility Global Least-cost user-friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory (GLUCOSE) model. It is thus Ideal for capacity development and training activities, allowing engagement of a variety of stakeholders, from civil society to decision makers, and investigation of a range of plausible climate mitigation pathways.
Building on the structure of the GLUCOSE model, several model enhancements will be accomplished in DIAMOND, including the development of two versions of the CLEWs-EU model: 1) an aggregated model (single EU node) for stakeholder engagement; 2) a nationally disaggregated model for frontiers-stretching analyses. Both will feature the adoption of a more detailed temporal resolution, and enhancements in technological representation to increase the number of options that can render net-zero emission pathways technically feasible.
GEMINI-E3 EU
GEMINI-E3 EU
GEMINI-E3 is a multi-country, multi-sector, recursive CGE model. It simulates all relevant markets—domestic and international—as perfectly competitive, implying that the corresponding prices are flexible in markets for commodities (through relative prices), for labour (through wages), and for domestic and international savings (through rates of interest and exchange rates). The main outputs of GEMINI-E3 are on country and annual basis: carbon taxes, marginal abatement costs and prices of tradable permits, effective abatement of CO2 emissions, net sales of tradable permits, total net welfare loss and components, macro-economic aggregates, real exchange rates and real interest rates, and industrial data.
The EU region in the global version will be further broken down into multiple regions to considerably enhance the model’s level of detail of climate policy insights at the national and EU level and improve empirical consistency and predictive precision with other IAMs. We will also enable the integration of the health impact of air pollutants, contributing to a more comprehensive assessment of ancillary benefits of mitigation in standard CGEs. Critically, most CGE models do not represent disruptive technologies, like hydrogen or DAC; significant efforts will be put in integrating EU specifications of such technologies that are implemented in global bottom-up IAMs.
NEMESIS-World
NEMESIS-World
NEMESIS is a sectoral detailed macroeconometric model for the EU. It is a system of economic models for every Member State (as well as the UK, Norway, and Iceland), used to assess a wide spectrum of policies, including fiscal, budgetary, labour market, research and innovation, energy, climate, and environment. NEMESIS is typically used as a consolidated framework to assess the socioeconomic impact of EU policies on top of business-as usual or alternative scenarios. The mechanisms of the model are based on behavioural equations for four categories of ‘representative’ firms (per sector), households, governments, and the rest of world, ndividualizi based on econometrics or calibrations from the econometric literature.
Acknowledging the global nature of aspects related to climate change and action, as well as the need to enhance global responses and consider interactions both within and (of other economies) with the EU, DIAMOND will develop and use an open, global implementation of NEMESIS. It will, therefore, address a critical research gap, producing NEMESIS-World, the first open-access, global, large-scale, macro-sectoral model. This entails individualizing the largest economies (and GHG emitters), energy supply sectors, and transport activities, with the selection of datasets reflecting the ideal trade-off between coverage, detail, relation to official definitions, and need for updates.
OPEN-PROM
OPEN-PROM
PROMETHEUS is a global energy system model covering in detail the complex interactions between energy demand, supply, and energy prices at the regional and global level. It is used to assess mitigation pathways and low-emission development strategies for the mid- and long-term; analyse the energy-system, economic, and emission implications of a wide spectrum of energy and climate policy measures; and explore the economics of fossil fuel production and trade of energy commodities. The model provides detailed projections of energy demand by sector and fuel, supply, power generation mix, energy-related carbon emissions, energy prices, and investments covering the global energy system in ten world regions.
In terms of spatial disaggregation, OPEN-PROM will be expanded from 10 to at least 25 world regions, including G20 economies as well as further disaggregating the EU-27 to the national level. Temporal granularity will also be expanded, from 2050 to 2100, with annual time steps, allowing the model to simulate the long-term effects of climate policies and the interplay of climate change with mitigation pathways. In addition, the emissions coverage of the model will be expanded to represent also non-CO2 GHGs and other air pollutants. The model will also integrate trade aspects related to new clean sources in addition to fossil fuel trade.
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